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Gondwana (Murail)
''Gondwana'' (1980) is a defining musical composition of spectral music〔Staines, Joes (2010). ''The Rough Guide to Classical Music'', p.372. ISBN 978-1-4053-8321-9. "The ''locus classicus'' of early spectral music".〕 for large orchestra composed by Tristan Murail using simulated synthesis to create a harmonic interpolation between an orchestrally synthesized chord derived from a simulated bell sound (inharmonic) and a chord derived from a trombone sound (harmonic).〔Fineberg, Joshua (2000). (''Spectral Music: History and Techniques'' ), p.69. (Overseas Publishers Association, published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, ©2000) OCLC: 48862556. ISBN 978-90-5755-131-4.〕 This process is meant to evoke the shifting of continents and thus the piece is named after the former supercontinent Gondwana.
The piece uses interpolation to make a smooth transformation on all musical parameters including spectral profile, envelope, and instrumental attacks.〔Fineberg (2000), p.108〕 The bell sounds were created through a Frequency Modulation (FM) synthesis with a single modulator affecting five carriers to create five different harmonies, these being connected by interpolated chords.〔Fineberg (2000), p.128-129.〕 The components of the trombone's frequency spectrum was derived through a Fourier transform.〔
The piece's long quiet or silent moments are shaped in "long, seamlessly evolving paragraphs" evoking the geological processes which created the continent. The first opening slowly transforms a chord before turning to trills.〔"(Murail Gondwana & Désintégrations )", ''CompositionToday.com''.〕 The opening chord is compared to Messiaen.〔〔Griffiths, Paul (2011). ''Modern Music and After'', p.344. ISBN 978-0-19-974050-5.〕 The piece, "incorporates a substantial passage directly modelled upon," Sibelius's ''Lemminkäinen in Tuonela'' from the ''Four Lemminkäinen Legends'' op.22 (1896).〔Grimley, Daniel M., ed. (2004). ''The Cambridge Companion to Sibelius'', p.200. ISBN 978-0-521-89460-9.〕
==Sources==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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